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The race to decarbonize the transportation sector has brought two primary contenders to the forefront for heavy-duty applications: hydrogen-powered vehicles (HPVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Road transport, especially that of commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses, and other large vehicles is pivotal to the global supply chain and public transportation but at the same time contributes highly to emissions of greenhouse gases. Both technologies promise reduced emissions, but their viability for heavy-duty transport varies based on energy density, infrastructure, operational range and cost.

Energy density

Energy density is a critical factor for heavy-duty vehicles since large vehicles have very high energy requirements. Hydrogen fuel cells utilize both compressed hydrogen gas and liquid hydrogen, which possess energy densities of approximately 120 MJ/kg and 141 MJ/kg, respectively. This in turn gives hydrogen vehicles high energy densities allowing for large ranges without compromising payload capacity. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries used in BEVs have an energy density of approximately 0.2 MJ/kg. The lower energy density implies that very large and heavy batteries are needed for long ranges, which may decrease the payload. Advances in battery technology such as solid-state batteries are an example of working on the mentioned gap but are yet to be developed fully.

Capital and maintenance costs

In the acquisition and maintenance cost comparison for heavy-duty transport, hydrogen trucks, which cost approximately $350,000 for a 40 kg fuel tank capacity, are much costlier than electric trucks that, on average, cost $150,000 for a 150-kWh battery pack, because of the immaturity of fuel cell technology. But in the long run, hydrogen trucks are more cost-effective in terms of total cost of ownership (TCO) because the fuel cell has a much longer lifespan than batteries and has lower maintenance costs than electric trucks. Although electric trucks are more economical at purchase, they have higher maintenance costs over time, primarily due to battery degradation and eventual replacement.

Refueling and charging infra

Refueling time is a major operational consideration, and since hydrogen vehicles can be refueled in 5-15 minutes, they outperform electric vehicles. For example, the Shell refueling station in Long Beach, California, has a capacity of about 1 MW at 700 bar high-pressure and can refuel 50 hydrogen-powered vehicles with 30-40 kg tank capacity per day. But charging of BEVs takes much longer compared to refueling of HEVs. High output fast chargers—DC chargers over 350 kW like in Tesla’s V4 supercharging station for its semi trucks with massive ~900 kWh packs—can charge a battery to 80 percent within half an hour and limit vehicle throughput to 10-15 per station per day. Standard charging mechanisms include AC chargers, which usually take many hours and therefore are not efficient for heavy-duty transport with tight schedules. Hydrogen refueling stations are currently expensive to establish, costing $1-2m per station with a capacity of 500 kW to 1 MW. EV charging infrastructure is more modular, with Level 2 stations i.e. AC fast charging stations (6 kW to 20 kW) costing $2,000-$5,000 and fast-charging stations (25 kW to 350 kW) costing $50,000-$100,000.

Operational range and cost

Current hydrogen-based heavy-duty vehicles need to be refueled between 500-800 km, although prototypes such as the Toyota Kenworth T680 fuel cell truck have been produced with the capability of covering more than 1000 km. Hydrogen vehicles contain fuel tanks of 30-40 kg of hydrogen and are built to work under a pressure of up to 700 bar. The cost of hydrogen fuel is between $6- $10 per kg, meaning that the operating cost per kilometer is between $0.12 and $0.20 for a conventional heavy-duty truck. Medium and heavy-duty BEVs, like the Tesla Semi, based on battery capacity can drive 500-800 km using a battery with a maximum capacity of 1 MWh. In other countries, it costs $0.10 to $0.20 per kWh to charge the electricity, hence the operation cost of $0.10-$0.15 per km is comparatively higher than that of Nepal. According to a study by the NEA, the cost of operating electric vehicles in Nepal is 15-20 times lower than petrol vehicles: for electric cars, it is Re 0.7 paisa per kilometer, Re 0.8 for SUVs or jeeps, Re 0.9 for microbuses and Rs 1.2 for large buses.

The green aspect

Environmental aspects shape the complex relations between hydrogen and battery-electric vehicles. Hydrogen’s environmental impact hinges on its production method: green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using electricity from renewable sources, is a cleaner but comparatively expensive solution, while gray hydrogen produced from natural gas has a high CO2 output. Technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) have improved the blue hydrogen to fill this gap. A notable environmental advantage of hydrogen-powered vehicles is that their byproduct is just water vapor, and thus doesn’t emit any carbon into the atmosphere. Even though electricity used by BEVs can be from renewable sources, the two main environmental issues are associated with batteries. The exploitation of such strategic minerals such as lithium, cobalt and nickel brings with it questions on resource depletion as well as the impact on the environment. However, recycling or disposal of the batteries becomes a concern when the BEV batteries degrade over time—typically after about 10 years.

Hybrid model

Hybrid models combining hydrogen and battery technologies are emerging as a promising solution. These vehicles are driven by hydrogen fuel cells as the main power source and batteries that will be used for auxiliary/peak load. This approach enhances the efficiency of the features inherent in both technologies, including the range of operation and regenerative braking. For instance, the Honda CR-V e: FCEV incorporates hybrid systems to balance performance and efficiency that provide 29 miles of range via battery, adding to the 241 miles from the fuel cell. The hybrid model is more appropriate for developing countries like Nepal, where establishing extensive hydrogen refueling infrastructure is expensive and not feasible in all locations. Thus, by incorporating a battery as an extra power source, the hybrid model allows vehicles to cover the necessary range to reach refueling stations. Current trends are to further invest in R&D of lighter fuel cell systems and higher capacity batteries to cut costs and ease integration.

Conclusion

The heavy-duty vehicle registration in Nepal was about 18,500 units in 2023 and is projected to reach around 20,400 units by 2026. This highlights the potential for hydrogen and electric technologies to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the transportation industry. Heavy-duty transport may benefit from hydrogen or electric technologies but each has its strengths and weaknesses. Hydrogen has the highest energy density, fast refueling time, and longest-range satisfaction compared to battery electric vehicles, making it suitable for long-distance use. Nevertheless, hydrogen remains an immature technology, with the problem of expensive hydrogen production and the lack of refueling stations persisting.  These issues can be solved through strategic solutions such as government subsidies, incentives for green hydrogen production and policies to encourage private sector investment. BEVs are cheaper with regard to energy, require less maintenance and have a more extensive charging network. However, they have relatively less energy density, longer charging time and limited traveling distance, which are not suitable for commercial purposes for heavy-duty applications. That is why hybrid models are considered to be intermediate solutions that combine the possible benefits of both technologies. The choice ultimately depends on specific use cases, availability of infrastructure and regional energy policies. As the world continues to look for sustainable production of heavy-duty vehicles, both hydrogen and electric technologies are likely to coexist in the coming years as well.

The real estate sector in Nepal has undergone significant transformations over the past few decades, serving as a vital component of the nation’s economy. Despite its potential to drive growth, employment and investment, the sector has faced persistent challenges, including regulatory bottlenecks, valuation discrepancies and market saturation. Recent government initiatives, coupled with evolving demographic and economic trends, suggest a cautious revival, although policy and structural adjustments remain critical to unlocking its full potential.

Nepal’s real estate sector has been fraught with systemic challenges. Among the most prominent is the restrictive land ceiling provision, which has hampered the free transfer of land ownership. Developers managing large-scale projects—spanning 50 to 200 ropanis of land—often find themselves unable to sell properties due to these limitations. This has created a bottleneck, stalling the market and leading to financial distress for developers, who struggle to repay loans to financial institutions.

The problem is compounded by Nepal Rastra Bank’s (NRB) stringent policies, which have tightened real estate financing. Cooperative organizations, heavily invested in real estate using depositors’ funds, faced liquidity crises, leading to their collapse in some instances. These failures not only hurt the sector but also eroded public trust in financial institutions.

Demographic factors have also played a role. Many young Nepalis emigrate for education or employment, selling their properties before leaving. Simultaneously, those abroad often remit funds to their families, who purchase land or property, resulting in market saturation. This oversupply, coupled with weak demand, has further destabilized the sector.

One critical issue undermining Nepal’s real estate sector is the disparity between government valuation of land and its actual market price. Government valuations, often a fraction of market prices, enable opportunities for illicit fund laundering. For instance, land valued by the government at Rs 1m can fetch over Rs 10m in the market. Such discrepancies hinder transparent transactions and create inefficiencies in the market. Experts have suggested involving private sector professionals in valuation committees to ensure accuracy and curb malpractice.

In an attempt to address these longstanding challenges, the government recently introduced amendments to the Land Act, National Parks Act and Forest Act through an ordinance. These amendments include limited exemptions in real estate transactions, a move aimed at revitalizing the sector. However, critics argue that such provisions may be susceptible to policy misuse, raising concerns about potential corruption.

One contentious provision allows landless squatters to gain ownership of plots they have occupied for extended periods. While proponents argue this addresses social equity, detractors warn it could encourage encroachments. The ordinance has also been lauded for easing land ceiling restrictions, which the Nepal Real Estate and Housing Development Federation believes will stimulate sectoral growth.

After years of stagnation, Nepal’s real estate market is showing signs of recovery. In the first five months of the current fiscal year, banks and financial institutions disbursed NPR 20.34bn in real estate loans, representing an 8.62 percent year-on-year growth. This resurgence aligns with an increase in registered land deeds, which climbed from a pandemic-induced low of 12,000 to over 40,000 monthly transactions in 2023-24. The revival has been attributed to growing market confidence and increased business activity. Rise in transactions and loans indicates a positive trend. However, there is a need for more practical income assessment criteria and flexible loan limits to sustain momentum.

Real estate activity has seen uneven growth across Nepal. Districts such as Sunsari, Morang, Jhapa, Kailali and Dhanusha have emerged as transaction hubs, consistently recording over 1,000 monthly transactions. In contrast, regions like Sirdibas, Gorkha, have witnessed minimal activity. This regional disparity underscores the need for localized policy interventions to address unique challenges and opportunities.

Despite its struggles, Nepal’s real estate sector holds immense potential. Urbanization, population growth and the allure of modern lifestyles continue to drive demand for residential and commercial properties. Additionally, the tourism industry offers opportunities for real estate development in hotels, resorts and homestays.

The integration of digital platforms has further revolutionized the industry. Online marketplaces like Daleykaka.com have streamlined transactions, enhancing transparency and efficiency. Additionally, increasing interest from foreign investors and the Nepali diaspora presents an opportunity to attract new capital and expertise.

To fully harness the potential of Nepal’s real estate sector, a comprehensive and strategic approach is necessary. This includes implementing policy reforms that prioritize revising land ceiling regulations to foster large-scale development while maintaining equity in land distribution. The introduction of an Urban Development Act would serve as a significant milestone, facilitating systematic urban settlement and encouraging private-sector engagement in large-scale urban projects. Ensuring valuation accuracy is equally vital. By involving private professionals in land valuation committees, discrepancies between government and market valuations can be mitigated, fostering greater transparency and reducing the prevalence of illicit transactions.

Financial accessibility remains a cornerstone for driving market participation. Nepal Rastra Bank should consider revising its income assessment criteria and loan limits, thereby creating an environment where financing becomes more attainable for both buyers and developers, which in turn would stimulate market activity. Moreover, given Nepal’s susceptibility to natural disasters, it is imperative to adopt disaster-resilient construction practices. Sustainable and resilient building methods not only ensure long-term structural stability but also contribute to safeguarding investments in the sector.

Lastly, the simplification of legal and administrative processes is crucial. Streamlined land administration procedures, coupled with the removal of bottlenecks in land revenue regulations, would significantly enhance governance efficiency, making the real estate sector more dynamic and investor-friendly.

Nepal’s real estate sector stands at a crossroads. While recent policy interventions and market trends offer hope, sustained growth requires coordinated efforts across stakeholders. By addressing structural and regulatory challenges, enhancing transparency and leveraging technological advancements, Nepal can unlock the true potential of its real estate sector. This transformation would not only bolster economic growth but also fulfill the aspirations of millions seeking stability and prosperity through property ownership. With the right blend of policy, innovation and stakeholder collaboration, Nepal’s real estate sector can evolve into a cornerstone of its economic development, fostering sustainable growth for years to come.

In the intricate geopolitical landscape of South Asia, the potential for smaller nations like Nepal to assert their influence and leverage their positions has never been greater, particularly under the Trump 2.0 administration. The political climate fostered by Trump has been characterized by a focus on bilateral relations, economic pragmatism and an “America First” approach, in addition to “Make America Great Again”, which has opened new avenues for smaller South Asian nations—countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka—to enhance their diplomatic and economic prospects. Trump’s intent has both domestic and international policy approaches. 

The administration is in the middle when South Asia is being re-imagined with cooperation, competition, crisis and conflict. Standing in times of change in the interconnected world, South Asians are confronting an exceptional array of new political-security-economic challenges.  

The second day for the new administration (Jan 21) commenced with a commitment from QUAD Foreign Ministers: “Our four nations maintain our conviction that international law, economic opportunity, peace, stability and security in all domains, including the maritime domain, underpin the development and prosperity of the peoples of the Indo-Pacific. We also strongly oppose any unilateral actions that seek to change the status quo by force or coercion.”

A day after Trump’s inauguration, Secretary of State Marco Rubio met with Indian External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, affirming a shared commitment to continuing to strengthen the partnership between India and the US. 

The US’ 2017 “South Asia Policy”, “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” strategy and the Indo-Pacific Strategy 2022 will continue to be the bedrock of the US South Asia policy with India playing the role of a vital partner in the Indo-Pacific. 

It will be a continuation of the policy of provoking China and embracing India as a major ‘defense partner’ (since 2016), establishment of India-US 2+2 ministerial dialogue in 2018 and a contest to smaller nations in South Asia like Nepal.

The context

The geopolitical dynamics in South Asia have been shaped by historical rivalries and alliances, with larger powers like India’s relations with Pakistan often dominating the narrative. From the 1950s to the 1970s, South Asia had a special significance in great power competition between the US and the Soviet Union. But the analogy in the region is returning to the geopolitical space of the 1970s, where China and the US both supported Pakistan during the ‘1971 third war’ between India and Pakistan that created the independent state of Bangladesh. China and India have had turbulent and sometimes friendly relationships. Through the 1954’s ‘Treaty of Coexistence’, the two sides emphasised the ‘Five Principles’ of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence, only to engage in a war in 1962. 

US anxiety at the height of the East-West Cold War with the declared alliance between China and the Soviet Union and Henry Kissinger’s realpolitik led to two strategic approaches. One, it greeted the rise of a strong China. Second, Pakistan was driven by multifaceted US interests manifested, among others, through support to Pakistan in the 1971 war with India. 

India signed the ‘Treaty of Friendship’ with the Soviet Union in 1971 and annexed Sikkim as its “22nd” state four years later. 

The change of US policy with China in 1971 and the tilt to Pakistan as well as change of the Soviet Union’s policy with closer relations with India, disintegration of Pakistan and the announcement of Sikkim becoming part of India altered South Asia’s regional and international relations. Under China’s foreign policy radar, South Asia had a low profile, though the country established diplomatic relations with several South Asians. At that time, the South Asian geostrategic environment transformed the balance of power irreversibly in India’s favour. 

Anyway, the US engagement with India is paramount to achieve the intent of “Making America Great Again”. India has her own constraints to counter the challenges from China and Pakistan, who have maintained their cordial friendship to an ‘all-weather’ partnership. Meanwhile, China and India agreed on 18 Dec 2024 to continue taking measures to safeguard peace and tranquillity along the border and promote the healthy and stable development of bilateral relations and to continue seeking a package solution to the boundary question that is fair, reasonable and acceptable. 

However, under a future Trump administration, the approach to foreign policy could shift, encouraging greater engagement with smaller nations. This shift may stem from several factors, including the need to counterbalance China’s growing influence and India’s foreign policy approaches with strategic autonomy, foster economic partnerships and establish a stable regional environment that can contribute to US interests.

Countering China

One of the most pressing issues for South Asian nations is the increasing presence of China, especially through the global governance mechanism, the Global Common Shared Future. One segment of its Belt and Road Initiative is furthering inroads. Smaller nations like Nepal in the continental and Sri Lanka in the maritime have found themselves in precarious positions as they navigate their relationships with China and the Trump 2.0 administration could leverage this anxiety, providing alternatives to Chinese investments and increasing American influence in the region.

For example, smaller nations could benefit from increased American investment in infrastructure projects, thereby reducing dependency on Chinese funding and creating opportunities for sustainable economic development. The US could work collaboratively with South Asian nations to identify projects that align with their national development goals while promoting American technological and investment interests. This dual approach not only empowers smaller nations but also helps the US establish stronger ties in the region.

Economy and trade

There is a high likelihood of renewed discussions surrounding trade agreements that might favour smaller nations in South Asia. The focus on “fair trade” and economic sovereignty resonates with many countries looking to diversify their economic partnerships.

Countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have historically benefited from trade preferences under programs such as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Renewed American leadership could facilitate deeper trade relations through customized agreements that emphasize mutual benefit while ensuring that smaller nations are not sidelined in favour of larger economies. Enhanced trade relations could see smaller South Asian nations gain access to the American market while simultaneously attracting US investments.

Strengthening alliances

The prospects of a Trump 2.0 administration also bear significance in terms of international alliances. Strategically-placed smaller South Asian nations like Bangladesh could find themselves in favourable positions to strengthen regional alliances, particularly through platforms like the QUAD as well as potential new initiatives aiming to unite nations against common regional challenges.

By aligning with larger democracies and leveraging US strategic interests, smaller nations can increase their visibility on the global stage. For instance, Nepal, which maintains a delicate balance between India and China, could use its unique position to advocate for increased focus on climate change and sustainable development, receiving support from US initiatives that align with their national interests.

Défense-security collaborations

Security concerns are paramount in South Asia, with issues ranging from terrorism to territorial disputes impacting the region’s stability. A renewed commitment under Trump 2.0 to support smaller nations could manifest through enhanced military training exercises, defined equipment transfers and intelligence-sharing agreements.

The Maldives, for instance, has been a critical actor in the fight against piracy in the Indian Ocean. An American focus on collaborating with such nations to enhance maritime security operations can significantly bolster their defined capabilities while ensuring a more secure sea-lane for international trade—an issue of major strategic interest for the US.

Promoting democracy

Another area where smaller nations in South Asia can seize opportunities is in the promotion of democratic governance and human rights. The Trump administration has often balanced its foreign policy between realism and idealism, sometimes prioritizing strategic interests over democratic principles. However, under the influence of prominent policymakers focused on human rights issues, smaller nations could find an ally in the US.

For countries like Nepal and Bhutan, which have made significant strides in democratic governance, partnerships that emphasize political reform, civil society engagement and anti-corruption measures could have long-lasting effects. By aligning with US interests in promoting democracy, they can enhance their own legitimacy and international standing.

Conclusion

The implications of a hypothetical Trump 2.0 administration on smaller nations in South Asia present a landscape full of opportunities. While challenges remain—particularly regarding regional stability and external influences from China and Pakistan—the potential for economic growth, enhanced security collaborations and stronger democratic institutions could define a new era of engagement for these nations.

Small countries have historically been overshadowed by larger neighbours, but the dynamics driven by US foreign policy could empower these nations to carve out a significant role in regional affairs. As they navigate this complex landscape, it is crucial for smaller South Asian nations to seize the moment, engaging proactively with the US to ensure their voices are heard and their needs met in a rapidly changing global environment.

Ultimately, in an era where national narratives are being redefined, Nepal and other smaller nations can play critical roles by acting as bridges between larger powers, advocating for their interests while contributing to a more stable and prosperous South Asian region. As these countries position themselves strategically, the tenets of collaboration, mutual respect and shared objectives will be essential to building a coalition that can navigate the complexities of 21st-century geopolitics.

Under all potential geopolitical scenarios, the convincing intervention in outlining the relationship’s progression eventually dwells with New Delhi and Beijing, not Washington. But for Nepal and other smaller nations, Washington is and should be secured as the strategic potent partner. 

The implications of a potential ‘Trump 2.0’ for small nations encompass a complex interplay of political, security, economic factors with justified diplomacy. The situation would necessitate a careful balancing act, as it navigates its relationships with major powers while striving to maintain its sovereignty and ensure national interests are prioritized. The overall impact would depend greatly on the specifics of Trump’s policies and the regional dynamics at play during his second term. Then again, Nepal must be in existence with national interests in both competition and coexistence without falling into the strategic trap in the long game.

The author is a Strategic Analyst, Major General (Retd) of the Nepali Army, and is associated with Rangsit University, Thailand

As technology changes rapidly, we are faced with new questions about our values, our identities and how we care for our planet. These are questions that philosophy has been thinking about for centuries, but it's only recently that technology has made them more urgent. While technological advances have brought many benefits, they also raise important ethical questions. 

How can we ensure that technology serves humanity in a way that is responsible, fair and mindful of the environment? How can we use technology to improve lives without causing harm to the planet? These are the kinds of questions philosophy can help answer. From my experiences living in different countries—India, Nepal, Korea, and Norway—I’ve come to see how philosophy, technology and sustainability are all deeply connected. The more we bring these areas together, the better prepared we will be to tackle the challenges of the modern world. In India and Nepal, I learned how Eastern philosophy emphasizes the connection between all things. “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”, meaning the world is one family, is central to these cultures. This belief teaches us that everything in the world is linked, and that includes technology. Eastern ideas encourage us to think about how our actions, including our use of technology, affect the world around us. They make us ask: how can we use technology to benefit everyone, not just ourselves? How can we make sure technological progress doesn’t harm the environment or deepen inequality?

In these countries, nature is seen as something sacred, and people are encouraged to live in harmony with it. This idea pushes us to consider the impact of our actions on the planet and those who are less fortunate. In Norway, I was introduced to Western views on technology, which offer a different perspective. For example, German philosopher Martin Heidegger argued that modern technology tends to turn nature into something we can use up, without considering its long-term consequences. He argued that we treat the Earth as a resource to be consumed, rather than something to be respected. This idea makes us think about the true cost of technological development, not just in terms of money or convenience, but in terms of the environment. Another important philosopher, Hans Jonas, also spoke about the ethical responsibility we have to future generations. He argued that we need to think carefully about the long-term effects of our actions and the kind of world we are leaving behind. His work reminds us that while technology can bring progress, we must use it with caution to avoid damaging the planet and society.

Through my work with ICT4D (Information and Communication Technology for Development), I’ve seen how technology can improve lives in countries like India and Nepal. It has opened doors to education, healthcare and other opportunities that were once out of reach for many people. But there’s a challenge: technology must be used carefully. If we aren’t careful, it could deepen the divide between the privileged and the underprivileged. In many places, access to technology is still limited, and without addressing this gap, we risk leaving some people behind. In countries like Korea and Norway, technology has driven economic growth and innovation. However, even in these places, there are concerns about how technology affects the environment. From the waste created by old electronics to the energy used by digital systems, technology can harm the planet if we don’t take care. The question we need to ask is: how can we use technology to help society without causing harm to the planet?

Sustainability is not just about protecting nature; it’s also about ensuring that we meet the needs of future generations. How we understand sustainability is influenced by the cultures we come from, and that affects how we use technology. In Norway, sustainability is a key part of everyday life.

The country has embraced renewable energy, and people care deeply about reducing their environmental impact. This is not just a policy but a way of life. In India and Nepal, sustainability is often tied to moral and spiritual beliefs. The idea of respecting nature is deeply embedded in these cultures, and people see it as a responsibility to care for the environment. By combining these different views, we can create a more complete understanding of sustainability—one that includes both technological progress and respect for the Earth.

The solution to today’s challenges lies in bringing together Eastern and Western philosophies, where we can learn from both. We need to combine the wisdom of respecting nature with the need to think carefully about how technology affects society. By doing this, we can create a future where technology benefits humanity while also respecting the environment. To address the issues we face today, we need to bring together philosophy, technology and sustainability.

It’s not enough to focus only on technological innovation or philosophical reflection; we need an approach that considers all aspects of life—social, economic, environmental and technological. From my experiences in India, Nepal, Korea, and Norway, I’ve learned that no single philosophy can solve all our problems. We need to encourage a dialogue between different ideas, cultures and disciplines. Only by doing this can we find solutions to the challenges we face today. It’s time for both technology experts and philosophers to engage with each other more, sharing ideas on how to build a better future. If we listen to the lessons of philosophy and sustainability, we can create a world where technology helps everyone without harming the planet. We must ensure that technology is used in ways that are beneficial for all, not just for a few, and that it works to protect, rather than harm, the Earth.